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Reference

Research Citations & References.

The compounds Ronin Peptides catalogues are studied across decades of peer-reviewed research. This page consolidates the published research literature referenced across our product pages, organized by compound. Each citation links to PubMed (PMID) or DOI for direct access to the source. We update this index as we add or revise product pages and as new research is published.

How to use this index

Reading the bibliography.

Citations are grouped by compound, alphabetical by compound name. Within each compound’s section, citations are listed in chronological order (newest first). Click any PMID link to access the full citation on PubMed. DOIs link to the publisher’s hosted version of the article. For research questions about citation methodology or to flag a citation issue, email support@roninpeptides.ca.

Methodology

Citation methodology.

We source citations from peer-reviewed journals indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE. Preprint server citations (bioRxiv, medRxiv) are noted as preprints and used sparingly, primarily for very recent research where peer-reviewed alternatives don’t exist. Review articles are noted as such. We avoid citing predatory journals and have an internal review process for citation acceptance. The full citation list is current as of {EFFECTIVE_DATE}.

Format

Bibliographic format.

Citations are formatted in modified Vancouver style: Authors. Title. Journal. Year;Volume(Issue):Pages. doi:DOI. PMID: PMID. Some citations may be incomplete (older indexed papers may lack DOI or full pagination); PMID is always provided where available.

5-Amino-1MQ 10mg

  1. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  2. NAD+ metabolism enzyme NNMT in cancer-associated fibroblasts drives tumor progression. J Immunother Cancer. 2024;12(7). doi:10.1136/jitc-2024-009281. PMID: 39067875.
  3. Reduced calorie diet combined with NNMT inhibition establishes a distinct microbiome in DIO mice. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):484. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03670-5. PMID: 35013352.
  4. Small molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase shows anti-proliferative activity. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;41(8):1240-1245. doi:10.1080/01443615.2020.1854696. PMID: 33645410.
  5. NAD(+) Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.002. PMID: 29249689.
  6. Noncoupled Fluorescent Assay for Direct Real-Time Monitoring of NNMT Activity. Biochemistry. 2017;56(6):824-832. doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01215. PMID: 28121423.
  7. Adipogenesis: from stem cell to adipocyte. Annu Rev Biochem. 2012;81:715-36. doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-052110-115718. PMID: 22463691.
  8. NAD(+) precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism. Cell Metab. 2012;15(6):838-47. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.022. PMID: 22682224.

AOD-9604 5mg

  1. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  2. Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. Drug Test Anal. 2015;7(1):31-8. doi:10.1002/dta.1715. PMID: 25208511.
  3. Effect of Intra-articular Injection of AOD9604 with or without Hyaluronic Acid in Rabbit Osteoarthritis Model. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2015;45(4):426-32. PMID: 26275694.
  4. AOD-9604 does not influence the WADA hGH isoform immunoassay. Drug Test Anal. 2013;5(11-12):850-2. doi:10.1002/dta.1557. PMID: 24124033.
  5. Current updates in the medical management of obesity. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2012;6(2):117-28. doi:10.2174/187221412800604644. PMID: 22435392.
  6. AOD-9604 Metabolic. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(4):436-40. PMID: 15134286.
  7. Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with hGH or modified C-terminal fragment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1442-9. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801740. PMID: 11673763.
  8. Effects of oral administration of a synthetic fragment of human growth hormone on lipid metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000;279(3):E501-7. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.3.E501. PMID: 10950816.

Bacteriostatic Water 10mL

Bacteriostatic Water is a USP-grade pharmaceutical excipient supply product, not a research compound. No PubMed research-compound citations apply. Quality verification is per-batch via Certificate of Conformance referencing the USP monograph for Bacteriostatic Water for Injection. Email support@roninpeptides.ca for the COC referenced against your batch.

BPC-157

  1. DeFoor MT et al.. Injectable Therapeutic Peptides — An Adjunct to Regenerative Medicine and Sports Performance? Arthroscopy. 2025;41(2):150-152. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2024.09.005. PMID: 39265666.
  2. Józwiak M et al.. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025;18(2):185. doi:10.3390/ph18020185. PMID: 40005999.
  3. McGuire FP et al.. Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2025;18(12):611-619. doi:10.1007/s12178-025-09990-7. PMID: 40789979.
  4. Sikiric P et al.. The Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Pleiotropic Beneficial Activity and Its Possible Relations with Neurotransmitter Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(4):461. doi:10.3390/ph17040461. PMID: 38675421.
  5. Sikiric P et al.. New studies with stable gastric pentadecapeptide protecting gastrointestinal tract. Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32(5):3119-3161. doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01499-8. PMID: 38980576.
  6. Lee E et al.. Effect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2024;30(10):12-17. PMID: 39325560.
  7. Sikiric P et al.. Cytoprotective gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 resolves major vessel occlusion disturbances, ischemia-reperfusion injury following Pringle maneuver, and Budd-Chiari syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2022;28(1):23-46. doi:10.3748/wjg.v28.i1.23. PMID: 35125818.
  8. Seiwerth S et al.. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:627533. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.627533. PMID: 34267654.
  9. Vukojević J et al.. The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on hippocampal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats. Brain and Behavior. 2020;10(8):e01726. doi:10.1002/brb3.1726. PMID: 32558293.
  10. Gwyer D et al.. Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell and Tissue Research. 2019;377(2):153-159. doi:10.1007/s00441-019-03016-8. PMID: 30915550.
  11. Hsieh MJ et al.. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin). 2017;95(3):323-333. doi:10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y. PMID: 27847966.
  12. Sikiric P et al.. Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications. Current Neuropharmacology. 2016;14(8):857-865. doi:10.2174/1570159×13666160502153022. PMID: 27138887.
  13. Zivanovic-Posilovic G et al.. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and bupivacaine. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2016;793:56-65. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.10.035. PMID: 27815173.
  14. Sikiric P et al.. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system relation. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2014;20(7):1126-1135. doi:10.2174/13816128113190990411. PMID: 23755725.
  15. Seiwerth S et al.. BPC 157 and blood vessels. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2014;20(7):1121-1125. doi:10.2174/13816128113199990421. PMID: 23782145.
  16. Chang CH et al.. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011;110(3):774-780. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010. PMID: 21030672.
  17. Sikiric P et al.. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease (PL-10, PLD-116, PL 14736, Pliva, Croatia). Full and distended stomach, and vascular response. Inflammopharmacology. 2006;14(5-6):214-221. doi:10.1007/s10787-006-1531-7. PMID: 17186181.

the cagrilintide-and-semaglutide combination

  1. Kokkorakis M et al.. Emerging pharmacotherapies for obesity: A systematic review. Pharmacol Rev. 2025;77(1):100002. doi:10.1124/pharmrev.123.001045. PMID: 39952695.
  2. Garvey WT et al.. Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(7):635-647. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2502081. PMID: 40544433.
  3. Yao H et al.. Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes. BMJ. 2024;384:e076410. doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-076410. PMID: 38286487.
  4. Eržen S et al.. Amylin, Another Important Neuroendocrine Hormone for the Treatment of Diabesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(3). doi:10.3390/ijms25031517. PMID: 38338796.
  5. Frias JP et al.. Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2.4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2023;402(10403):720-730. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01163-7. PMID: 37364590.
  6. Wilding JPH et al.. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2032183. PMID: 33567185.
  7. Enebo LB et al.. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2.4 mg for weight management. Lancet. 2021;397(10286):1736-1748. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00845-X. PMID: 33894838.
  8. Kruse T et al.. Development of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin Analogue. J Med Chem. 2021;64(15):11183-11194. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00565. PMID: 34288673.
  9. Smits MM et al.. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:645563. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.645563. PMID: 34305810.
  10. Lau DCW et al.. Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity. Lancet. 2021;398(10317):2160-2172. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01751-7. PMID: 34798060.
  11. Gabery S et al.. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020;5(6). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.133429. PMID: 32213703.
  12. Sorli C et al.. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(4):251-260. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30013-X. PMID: 28110911.

CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin Blend

  1. Ferro P et al.. Structure-activity relationship for peptidic growth hormone secretagogues. Drug Test Anal. 2017;9(1):87-95. doi:10.1002/dta.1947. PMID: 26811125.
  2. Beck DE et al.. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-34. doi:10.1007/s00384-014-2030-8. PMID: 25331030.
  3. Leggett J et al.. GHRH receptor-targeted botulinum neurotoxin selectively inhibits pulsatile GH secretion. Endocrinology. 2013;154(9):3305-18. doi:10.1210/en.2012-2175. PMID: 23825127.
  4. Sattler FR et al.. Growth hormone in the aging male. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(4):541-55. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.003. PMID: 24054930.
  5. Falutz J et al.. Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):4291-304. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0490. PMID: 20554713.
  6. Teichman SL et al.. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1536. PMID: 16352683.
  7. Alba M et al.. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291(6):E1290-4. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00201.2006. PMID: 16822960.
  8. Ionescu M et al.. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4792-7. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1702. PMID: 17018654.
  9. Jetté L et al.. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-8. doi:10.1210/en.2004-1286. PMID: 15817669.
  10. Raun K et al.. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-61. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1390552. PMID: 9849822.
  11. Johansen PB et al.. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues. Xenobiotica. 1998;28(11):1083-92. doi:10.1080/004982598238976. PMID: 9879640.
  12. Thorner MO et al.. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing peptide as therapeutic agents. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1997;52:215-44; discussion 244-6. PMID: 9238854.

CJC-1295 No DAC

  1. Uçaktürk E et al.. Analysis of growth hormone releasing hormone and its analogs in urine using nano liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2026;268:117207. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117207. PMID: 41138283.
  2. Rahman OF et al.. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2026;10(1). doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00236. PMID: 41490200.
  3. Memdouh S et al.. Advances in the detection of growth hormone releasing hormone synthetic analogs. Drug Test Anal. 2021;13(11-12):1871-1887. doi:10.1002/dta.3183. PMID: 34665524.
  4. Timms M et al.. An immuno polymerase chain reaction screen for the detection of CJC-1295. Drug Test Anal. 2019;11(6):804-812. doi:10.1002/dta.2554. PMID: 30489688.
  5. Leggett J et al.. GHRH receptor-targeted botulinum neurotoxin selectively inhibits pulsatile GH secretion. Endocrinology. 2013;154(9):3305-18. doi:10.1210/en.2012-2175. PMID: 23825127.
  6. Sattler FR et al.. Growth hormone in the aging male. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(4):541-55. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.003. PMID: 24054930.
  7. Falutz J et al.. Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):4291-304. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0490. PMID: 20554713.
  8. Sackmann-Sala L et al.. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19(6):471-7. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2009.03.001. PMID: 19386527.
  9. Teichman SL et al.. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1536. PMID: 16352683.
  10. Alba M et al.. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291(6):E1290-4. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00201.2006. PMID: 16822960.
  11. Ionescu M et al.. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4792-7. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1702. PMID: 17018654.
  12. Jetté L et al.. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-8. doi:10.1210/en.2004-1286. PMID: 15817669.
  13. Thorner MO et al.. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing peptide as therapeutic agents. Recent Prog Horm Res. 1997;52:215-44; discussion 244-6. PMID: 9238854.

Epithalon

  1. Araj SK et al.. Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26(6). doi:10.3390/ijms26062691. PMID: 40141333.
  2. Gatta M et al.. The Antioxidant Tetrapeptide Epitalon Enhances Delayed Wound Healing in an in Vitro Model. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2025;21(6):1822-1834. doi:10.1007/s12015-025-10911-x. PMID: 40493162.
  3. Al-Dulaimi S et al.. Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation. Biogerontology. 2025;26(5):178. doi:10.1007/s10522-025-10315-x. PMID: 40908429.
  4. Avolio F et al.. Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7). doi:10.3390/ijms23073607. PMID: 35408963.
  5. Yue X et al.. Epitalon protects against post-ovulatory aging-related damage of mouse oocytes in vitro. Aging (Albany NY). 2022;14(7):3191-3202. doi:10.18632/aging.204007. PMID: 35413689.
  6. Khavinson V et al.. AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis. Molecules. 2020;25(3). doi:10.3390/molecules25030609. PMID: 32019204.
  7. Rubtsova M et al.. Human Telomerase RNA: Telomerase Component or More? Biomolecules. 2020;10(6). doi:10.3390/biom10060873. PMID: 32517215.
  8. Caputi S et al.. Effect of short peptides on neuronal differentiation of stem cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2019;33:2058738419828613. doi:10.1177/2058738419828613. PMID: 30791821.
  9. Bernardes de Jesus B et al.. Telomerase at the intersection of cancer and aging. Trends Genet. 2013;29(9):513-20. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2013.06.007. PMID: 23876621.
  10. Sibarov DA et al.. Effects of intranasal administration of epitalon on neuron activity in the rat neocortex. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2007;37(9):889-93. doi:10.1007/s11055-007-0095-3. PMID: 17955380.
  11. Kossoy G et al.. Effect of the synthetic pineal peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis. In Vivo. 2006;20(2):253-7. PMID: 16634527.
  12. Anisimov VN et al.. Inhibitory effect of peptide Epitalon on colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 2002;183(1):1-8. doi:10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00090-3. PMID: 12049808.
  13. Khavinson VKh et al.. Peptides and Ageing. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144. PMID: 12374906.
  14. Khavinson VK et al.. Effect of epitalon on the lifespan increase in Drosophila melanogaster. Mech Ageing Dev. 2000;120(1-3):141-9. doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00217-7. PMID: 11087911.

GHK-Cu

  1. Hu J et al.. Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2(+) (GHK-Cu) Attenuates CuSO(4) or LPS induced-inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2026;1023:178880. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.178880. PMID: 41997403.
  2. Chen H et al.. Food-Derived Tripeptide-Copper Self-Healing Hydrogel for Infected Wound Healing. Biomater Res. 2025;29:0139. doi:10.34133/bmr.0139. PMID: 39902373.
  3. Bian Y et al.. The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu(2+) tripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis. Redox Biol. 2024;75:103237. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103237. PMID: 38879894.
  4. Lee S et al.. In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers. Acta Biomater. 2023;172:159-174. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.011. PMID: 37832839.
  5. Dou Y et al.. The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide. Aging Pathobiol Ther. 2020;2(1):58-61. doi:10.31491/apt.2020.03.014. PMID: 35083444.
  6. Pickart L et al.. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7). doi:10.3390/ijms19071987. PMID: 29986520.
  7. Pickart L et al.. The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function. Brain Sci. 2017;7(2). doi:10.3390/brainsci7020020. PMID: 28212278.
  8. Pickart L et al.. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. doi:10.1155/2015/648108. PMID: 26236730.
  9. Pickart L et al.. The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:324832. doi:10.1155/2012/324832. PMID: 22666519.
  10. Choi HR et al.. Stem cell recovering effect of copper-free GHK in skin. J Pept Sci. 2012;18(11):685-90. doi:10.1002/psc.2455. PMID: 23019153.
  11. Kang YA et al.. Copper-GHK increases integrin expression and p63 positivity by keratinocytes. Arch Dermatol Res. 2009;301(4):301-6. doi:10.1007/s00403-009-0942-x. PMID: 19319546.
  12. Pickart L et al.. The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2008;19(8):969-88. doi:10.1163/156856208784909435. PMID: 18644225.
  13. Beretta G et al.. Glycyl-histidyl-lysine (GHK) is a quencher of alpha,beta-4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal: a comparison. Chem Res Toxicol. 2007;20(9):1309-14. doi:10.1021/tx700185s. PMID: 17672515.
  14. Mazurowska L et al.. ESI-MS study of the mechanism of glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu(II) complex transport through. Talanta. 2007;72(2):650-4. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2006.11.034. PMID: 19071668.
  15. Conato C et al.. Copper complexes of glycyl-histidyl-lysine and two of its synthetic analogues: chemical behaviour. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1526(2):199-210. doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00127-1. PMID: 11325542.

Glow Blend (GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500)

  1. Rahman OF et al.. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2026;10(1). doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00236. PMID: 41490200.
  2. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  3. Bian Y et al.. The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu(2+) tripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis. Redox Biol. 2024;75:103237. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103237. PMID: 38879894.
  4. Sikiric P et al.. New studies with stable gastric pentadecapeptide protecting gastrointestinal tract. Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32(5):3119-3161. doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01499-8. PMID: 38980576.
  5. Seiwerth S et al.. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:627533. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.627533. PMID: 34267654.
  6. Pickart L et al.. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7). doi:10.3390/ijms19071987. PMID: 29986520.
  7. Hsieh MJ et al.. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin). 2017;95(3):323-333. doi:10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y. PMID: 27847966.
  8. Kleinman HK et al.. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:251-75. doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.005. PMID: 27450738.
  9. Pickart L et al.. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. doi:10.1155/2015/648108. PMID: 26236730.
  10. Chang CH et al.. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011;110(3):774-780. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010. PMID: 21030672.
  11. Bock-Marquette I et al.. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-72. doi:10.1038/nature03000. PMID: 15565145.
  12. Sosne G et al.. Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74(2):293-9. doi:10.1006/exer.2001.1125. PMID: 11950239.
  13. Conato C et al.. Copper complexes of glycyl-histidyl-lysine and two of its synthetic analogues: chemical behaviour. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1526(2):199-210. doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00127-1. PMID: 11325542.
  14. Yarmola EG et al.. Formation and implications of a ternary complex of profilin, thymosin beta 4, and actin. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(49):45555-63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105723200. PMID: 11579089.

Ipamorelin

  1. Mayfield CK et al.. Injectable Peptide Therapy: A Primer for Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Physicians. Am J Sports Med. 2026;54(1):223-229. doi:10.1177/03635465251357593. PMID: 41476424.
  2. Rahman OF et al.. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2026;10(1). doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00236. PMID: 41490200.
  3. Gouda M et al.. The influence of ghrelin agonist ipamorelin acetate on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Anim Reprod Sci. 2024;268:107550. doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107550. PMID: 38996787.
  4. Lu Z et al.. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114644. PMID: 39043357.
  5. Worm DJ et al.. A stable meta-carborane enables the generation of boron-rich peptide agonists targeting the ghrelin receptor. J Pept Sci. 2018;24(10):e3119. doi:10.1002/psc.3119. PMID: 30168238.
  6. Fowkes MM et al.. Peptidomimetic growth hormone secretagogue derivatives for positron emission tomography imaging. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;157:1500-1511. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.062. PMID: 30282322.
  7. Ferro P et al.. Structure-activity relationship for peptidic growth hormone secretagogues. Drug Test Anal. 2017;9(1):87-95. doi:10.1002/dta.1947. PMID: 26811125.
  8. Beck DE et al.. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-34. doi:10.1007/s00384-014-2030-8. PMID: 25331030.
  9. Greenwood-Van Meerveld B et al.. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a ghrelin mimetic, on gastric dysmotility in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. J Exp Pharmacol. 2012;4:149-55. doi:10.2147/JEP.S35396. PMID: 27186127.
  10. Aagaard NK et al.. Growth hormone and growth hormone secretagogue effects on nitrogen balance and urea synthesis. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19(5):426-31. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2009.01.001. PMID: 19231263.
  11. Venkova K et al.. Efficacy of ipamorelin, a novel ghrelin mimetic, in a rodent model of postoperative ileus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;329(3):1110-6. doi:10.1124/jpet.108.149211. PMID: 19289567.
  12. Hansen TK et al.. Highly potent growth hormone secretagogues: hybrids of NN703 and ipamorelin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2001;11(14):1915-8. doi:10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00345-6. PMID: 11459660.
  13. Ankersen M et al.. A new series of highly potent growth hormone-releasing peptides derived from ipamorelin. J Med Chem. 1998;41(19):3699-704. doi:10.1021/jm9801962. PMID: 9733495.
  14. Raun K et al.. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-61. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1390552. PMID: 9849822.
  15. Johansen PB et al.. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ipamorelin and other peptidyl growth hormone secretagogues. Xenobiotica. 1998;28(11):1083-92. doi:10.1080/004982598238976. PMID: 9879640.

KLOW Blend (BPC-157 + GHK-Cu + TB-500 + KPV)

  1. Rahman OF et al.. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2026;10(1). doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00236. PMID: 41490200.
  2. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  3. Sikiric P et al.. New studies with stable gastric pentadecapeptide protecting gastrointestinal tract. Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32(5):3119-3161. doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01499-8. PMID: 38980576.
  4. Pickart L et al.. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7). doi:10.3390/ijms19071987. PMID: 29986520.
  5. Hsieh MJ et al.. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin). 2017;95(3):323-333. doi:10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y. PMID: 27847966.
  6. Xiao B et al.. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Ther. 2017;25(7):1628-1640. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.020. PMID: 28143741.
  7. Kleinman HK et al.. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:251-75. doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.005. PMID: 27450738.
  8. Viennois E et al.. Critical role of PepT1 in promoting colitis-associated cancer and therapeutic benefits of the anti-inflammatory PepT1-mediated KPV. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2(3):340-357. doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.006. PMID: 27458604.
  9. Pickart L et al.. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. doi:10.1155/2015/648108. PMID: 26236730.
  10. Chang CH et al.. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011;110(3):774-780. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010. PMID: 21030672.
  11. Dalmasso G et al.. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-78. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026. PMID: 18061177.
  12. Kannengiesser K et al.. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-31. doi:10.1002/ibd.20334. PMID: 18092346.
  13. Bock-Marquette I et al.. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-72. doi:10.1038/nature03000. PMID: 15565145.
  14. Conato C et al.. Copper complexes of glycyl-histidyl-lysine and two of its synthetic analogues: chemical behaviour. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001;1526(2):199-210. doi:10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00127-1. PMID: 11325542.
  15. Yarmola EG et al.. Formation and implications of a ternary complex of profilin, thymosin beta 4, and actin. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(49):45555-63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105723200. PMID: 11579089.

KPV

  1. Rahman OF et al.. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2026;10(1). doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00236. PMID: 41490200.
  2. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  3. Sun J et al.. Self-Cross-Linked Hydrogel of Cysteamine-Grafted γ-Polyglutamic Acid Stabilized Tripeptide KPV. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2021;7(10):4859-4869. doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00792. PMID: 34547895.
  4. Songok AC et al.. Structural modification of the tripeptide KPV by reductive glycoalkylation of the lysine residue. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0199686. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199686. PMID: 29953505.
  5. Xiao B et al.. Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. Mol Ther. 2017;25(7):1628-1640. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.020. PMID: 28143741.
  6. Viennois E et al.. Critical role of PepT1 in promoting colitis-associated cancer and therapeutic benefits of the anti-inflammatory PepT1-mediated KPV. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2(3):340-357. doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.01.006. PMID: 27458604.
  7. Dalmasso G et al.. PepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):166-78. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026. PMID: 18061177.
  8. Kannengiesser K et al.. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):324-31. doi:10.1002/ibd.20334. PMID: 18092346.

MOTS-c

  1. Hu S et al.. Mitochondrial-derived microproteins in cancer and neurodegeneration. Pathol Res Pract. 2026;278:156344. doi:10.1016/j.prp.2025.156344. PMID: 41468641.
  2. Feng Y et al.. Endurance training enhances skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration by promoting MOTS-c. Free Radic Biol Med. 2025;227:619-628. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.12.038. PMID: 39706498.
  3. Pham T et al.. Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c restores mitochondrial respiration in type 2 diabetic heart. Front Physiol. 2025;16:1602271. doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1602271. PMID: 40661667.
  4. Li Y et al.. Mitochondrial-derived peptides in cardiovascular disease: Novel insights and therapeutic opportunities. J Adv Res. 2024;64:99-115. doi:10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.018. PMID: 38008175.
  5. Zhang Y et al.. The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Alleviates Radiation Pneumonitis via an Nrf2-Dependent. Antioxidants. 2024;13(5). doi:10.3390/antiox13050613. PMID: 38790718.
  6. Yin Y et al.. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Suppresses Ovarian Cancer Progression. Adv Sci. 2024;11(43):e2405620. doi:10.1002/advs.202405620. PMID: 39321430.
  7. Wan W et al.. Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c: effects and mechanisms related to stress. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):36. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-03885-2. PMID: 36670507.
  8. Zheng Y et al.. MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation. Front Endocrinol. 2023;14:1120533. doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1120533. PMID: 36761202.
  9. Jiang J et al.. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Ameliorates Spared Nerve Injury-Induced Neuropathic Pain. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2023;14(12):2362-2374. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00140. PMID: 37285113.
  10. Yin Y et al.. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c relieves hyperglycemia and insulin. Pharmacol Res. 2022;175:105987. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105987. PMID: 34798268.
  11. Kang GM et al.. Mitohormesis in Hypothalamic POMC Neurons Mediates Regular Exercise-Induced. Cell Metab. 2021;33(2):334-349.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.003. PMID: 33535098.
  12. Yang B et al.. MOTS-c interacts synergistically with exercise intervention to regulate PGC-1α expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2021;1867(6):166126. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166126. PMID: 33722744.
  13. Kim KH et al.. The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus. Cell Metab. 2018;28(3):516-524.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.008. PMID: 29983246.
  14. Lee C et al.. MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016;100:182-187. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.015. PMID: 27216708.
  15. Lee C et al.. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2015;21(3):443-54. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009. PMID: 25738459.

NAD+ 500mg

Note: 5 additional citations for NAD+ are currently under audit and not displayed below. The full NAD+ research literature index is being re-verified. Email support@roninpeptides.ca for current research references.

  1. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  2. NAD+ Precursors NMN and NR: Potential Dietary Contribution. Curr Nutr Rep. 2023;12(3):445-464. doi:10.1007/s13668-023-00475-y. PMID: 37273100.
  3. Evolving concepts in NAD(+) metabolism. Cell Metab. 2021;33(6):1076-1087. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.04.003. PMID: 33930322.
  4. NAD(+) Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.002. PMID: 29249689.
  5. NAD(+) precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism. Cell Metab. 2012;15(6):838-47. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.022. PMID: 22682224.

An investigational triple agonist

  1. Giblin K et al.. An investigational triple agonist for the treatment of obesity, obstructive sleep apnea and knee osteoarthritis: Rationale and design of the TRIUMPH registrational clinical trials. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2026;28(1):83-93. doi:10.1111/dom.70209. PMID: 41090431.
  2. Melson E et al.. What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity? International Journal of Obesity. 2025;49(3):433-451. doi:10.1038/s41366-024-01473-y. PMID: 38302593.
  3. Moiz A et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss Among Adults Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2025;178(2):199-217. doi:10.7326/ANNALS-24-01590. PMID: 39761578.
  4. Abdrabou Abouelmagd A et al.. Efficacy and safety of a novel GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist for obesity treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center). 2025;38(3):291-303. doi:10.1080/08998280.2025.2456441. PMID: 40291085.
  5. Katsi V et al.. An investigational triple agonist — A Game Changer in Obesity Pharmacotherapy. Biomolecules. 2025;15(6):796. doi:10.3390/biom15060796. PMID: 40563436.
  6. Coskun T et al.. Effects of an investigational triple agonist on body composition in people with type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a phase 2, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025;13(8):674-684. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(25)00092-0. PMID: 40609566.
  7. Sinha B et al.. Efficacy and Safety of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Dual Agonists for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2025;33(11):2046-2054. doi:10.1002/oby.24360. PMID: 40685589.
  8. Misra S et al.. Efficacy and safety of an investigational triple agonist for the treatment of obesity: a systematic review of clinical trials. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 2025;36(4):263-274. doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2025-0113. PMID: 40728138.
  9. Sanyal AJ et al.. Triple hormone receptor agonist an investigational triple agonist for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial. Nature Medicine. 2024;30(7):2037-2048. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03018-2. PMID: 38858523.
  10. Pasqualotto E et al.. Effects of once-weekly subcutaneous an investigational triple agonist on weight and metabolic markers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Metabolism Open. 2024;24:100321. doi:10.1016/j.metop.2024.100321. PMID: 39318607.
  11. Ramsbacher N. An investigational triple agonist. Clinical Diabetes. 2024;42(4):579-580. doi:10.2337/cd24-0062. PMID: 39429457.
  12. Abdul-Rahman T et al.. The power of three: An investigational triple agonist’s role in modern obesity and diabetes therapy. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2024;985:177095. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177095. PMID: 39515565.
  13. Jastreboff AM et al.. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist An investigational triple agonist for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023;389(6):514-526. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2301972. PMID: 37366315.
  14. Rosenstock J et al.. a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA. The Lancet. 2023;402(10401):529-544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01053-X. PMID: 37385280.
  15. Doggrell SA. An investigational triple agonist showing promise in obesity (and type 2 diabetes). Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2023;32(11):997-1001. doi:10.1080/13543784.2023.2283020. PMID: 37947489.

Selank 10mg

  1. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  2. Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2022;173(6):730-733. doi:10.1007/s10517-022-05624-x. PMID: 36322304.
  3. The Influence of Selank on the Level of Cytokines Under Social Stress. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol. 2021;16(2):162-167. doi:10.2174/1574884715666200704152810. PMID: 32621722.
  4. Effect of Selank on Morphological Parameters of Rat Liver in Chronic Foot-Shock Stress. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019;167(2):293-296. doi:10.1007/s10517-019-04512-1. PMID: 31243679.
  5. Selank Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating BDNF Content. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019;167(5):641-644. doi:10.1007/s10517-019-04588-9. PMID: 31625062.
  6. GABA, Selank, and Olanzapine Affect the Expression of Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:89. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00089. PMID: 28293190.
  7. Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:31. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00031. PMID: 26924987.
  8. Khavinson VKh et al.. Peptides and Ageing. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144. PMID: 12374906.

Semaglutide

  1. Karagiannis T et al.. Subcutaneously administered tirzepatide vs semaglutide for adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2024;67(7):1206-1222. doi:10.1007/s00125-024-06144-1. PMID: 38613667.
  2. Bikou A et al.. A systematic review of the effect of semaglutide on lean mass: insights from clinical trials. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2024;25(5):611-619. doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2343092. PMID: 38629387.
  3. Ryan DH et al.. Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial. Nature Medicine. 2024;30(7):2049-2057. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02996-7. PMID: 38740993.
  4. Lincoff AM et al.. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2023;389(24):2221-2232. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2307563. PMID: 37952131.
  5. Wilding JPH et al.. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2032183. PMID: 33567185.
  6. Davies M et al.. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2). The Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971-984. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00213-0. PMID: 33667417.
  7. Meier JJ. Efficacy of Semaglutide in a Subcutaneous and an Oral Formulation. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2021;12:645617. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.645617. PMID: 34248838.
  8. Smits MM et al.. Safety of Semaglutide. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:645563. doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.645563. PMID: 34305810.
  9. Gabery S et al.. Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways. JCI Insight. 2020;5(6). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.133429. PMID: 32213703.
  10. Kushner RF et al.. Semaglutide 2.4 mg for the Treatment of Obesity: Key Elements of the STEP Trials 1 to 5. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(6):1050-1061. doi:10.1002/oby.22794. PMID: 32441473.
  11. Aroda VR et al.. Comparative efficacy, safety, and cardiovascular outcomes with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Insights from the SUSTAIN 1-7 trials. Diabetes & Metabolism. 2019;45(5):409-418. doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2018.12.001. PMID: 30615985.
  12. Pratley RE et al.. Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7). Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2018;6(4):275-286. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30024-X. PMID: 29397376.
  13. Sorli C et al.. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(4):251-260. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30013-X. PMID: 28110911.
  14. Blundell J et al.. Effects of once-weekly semaglutide on appetite, energy intake, control of eating, food preference and body weight in subjects with obesity. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2017;19(9):1242-1251. doi:10.1111/dom.12932. PMID: 28266779.
  15. Marso SP et al.. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016;375(19):1834-1844. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1607141. PMID: 27633186.

Semax 10mg

  1. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  2. Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects. Nutrients. 2022;14(16). doi:10.3390/nu14163367. PMID: 36014874.
  3. Semax attenuates behavioural and neurochemical alterations following early-life fluvoxamine exposure. Neuropeptides. 2021;86:102114. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2020.102114. PMID: 33418449.
  4. ACTH(4-10) protects ADR-injured podocytes by stimulating B lymphocytes to secrete IL-10. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;87:106769. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106769. PMID: 32682256.
  5. Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression. Brain Res. 2006;1117(1):54-60. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.07.108. PMID: 16996037.
  6. The binding of Semax, ACTH 4-10 heptapeptide, to plasma membranes of rat forebrain. Bioorg Khim. 2004;30(3):241-6. doi:10.1023/b:rubi.0000030127.46845.f0. PMID: 15344653.
  7. Khavinson VKh et al.. Peptides and Ageing. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144. PMID: 12374906.

TB-500

  1. Di H et al.. Thymosin beta 4: An emerging therapeutic candidate for kidney diseases. Peptides. 2026;195:171467. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2026.171467. PMID: 41570941.
  2. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  3. Nguyen J et al.. Engineered Tandem Thymosin Peptide Promotes Corneal Wound Healing. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2025;66(14):31. doi:10.1167/iovs.66.14.31. PMID: 41235866.
  4. Li W et al.. In Vitro Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Promoting Transplanted Fat Survival by Regulating Adipose-derived stem cells. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024;48(11):2179-2189. doi:10.1007/s00266-024-03861-1. PMID: 38409346.
  5. Faa G et al.. Thymosin β(4) and β(10) Expression in Human Organs during Development: A Review. Cells. 2024;13(13). doi:10.3390/cells13131115. PMID: 38994967.
  6. Kleinman HK et al.. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:251-75. doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.005. PMID: 27450738.
  7. Sosne G et al.. Thymosin Beta 4: A Potential Novel Therapy for Neurotrophic Keratopathy, Dry Eye, and Ocular Surface Diseases. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:277-306. doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.012. PMID: 27450739.
  8. Dubé KN et al.. Thymosin β4 protein therapy for cardiac repair. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(6):799-806. doi:10.2174/138161212799277699. PMID: 22236126.
  9. Guarnera G et al.. Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: clinical remarks on a European prospective, randomized study on safety, tolerability. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1112:407-12. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.003. PMID: 17495250.
  10. Bock-Marquette I et al.. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-72. doi:10.1038/nature03000. PMID: 15565145.
  11. Sosne G et al.. Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74(2):293-9. doi:10.1006/exer.2001.1125. PMID: 11950239.
  12. Yarmola EG et al.. Formation and implications of a ternary complex of profilin, thymosin beta 4, and actin. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(49):45555-63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105723200. PMID: 11579089.
  13. Malinda KM et al.. Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J. 1997;11(6):474-81. doi:10.1096/fasebj.11.6.9194528. PMID: 9194528.

Tesamorelin

  1. Ellis RJ et al.. Effects of Tesamorelin on Neurocognitive Impairment in Persons With HIV and Abdominal Obesity. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2025;231(5):1230-1238. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaf012. PMID: 39813152.
  2. Russo SC et al.. Efficacy and safety of tesamorelin in people with HIV on integrase inhibitors. AIDS. 2024;38(12):1758-1764. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000003965. PMID: 38905488.
  3. Lake JE et al.. Tesamorelin improves fat quality independent of changes in fat quantity. AIDS. 2021;35(9):1395-1402. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000002897. PMID: 33756511.
  4. Fourman LT et al.. Effects of tesamorelin on hepatic transcriptomic signatures in HIV-associated NAFLD. JCI Insight. 2020;5(16):e140134. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.140134. PMID: 32701508.
  5. Fourman LT et al.. Visceral fat reduction with tesamorelin is associated with improved liver enzymes in HIV. AIDS. 2017;31(16):2253-2259. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001614. PMID: 28832410.
  6. Spooner LM et al.. Tesamorelin: a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2012;46(2):240-247. doi:10.1345/aph.1Q629. PMID: 22298602.
  7. Stanley TL et al.. Reduction in visceral adiposity is associated with an improved metabolic profile in HIV-infected patients receiving tesamorelin. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2012;54(11):1642-1651. doi:10.1093/cid/cis251. PMID: 22495074.
  8. Stanley TL et al.. Effects of tesamorelin on inflammatory markers in HIV patients with excess abdominal fat: relationship with visceral adipose reduction. AIDS. 2011;25(10):1281-1288. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328347f3f1. PMID: 21516030.
  9. Falutz J et al.. Effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor, in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with a safety extension. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2010;53(3):311-322. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181cbdaff. PMID: 20101189.
  10. Falutz J et al.. Effects of tesamorelin (TH9507), a growth hormone-releasing factor analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(9):4291-304. doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0490. PMID: 20554713.
  11. Wang Y et al.. Tesamorelin, a human growth hormone releasing factor analogue. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2009;18(3):303-310. doi:10.1517/13543780802707658. PMID: 19243281.
  12. Falutz J et al.. Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in HIV patients with abdominal fat accumulation. AIDS. 2008;22(14):1719-1728. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830a5058. PMID: 18690162.
  13. Falutz J et al.. Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357(23):2359-2370. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa072375. PMID: 18057338.
  14. Tomlinson B. Drug evaluation: tesamorelin, a synthetic human growth hormone releasing factor. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 2006;7(10):936-945. PMID: 17086939.

Tirzepatide

  1. Packer M et al.. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2025;392(5):427-437. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2410027. PMID: 39555826.
  2. Aronne LJ et al.. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.24945. PMID: 38078870.
  3. France NL et al.. Tirzepatide: A Review in Type 2 Diabetes. Drugs. 2024;84(2):227-238. doi:10.1007/s40265-023-01992-4. PMID: 38388874.
  4. Karagiannis T et al.. Subcutaneously administered tirzepatide vs semaglutide for adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2024;67(7):1206-1222. doi:10.1007/s00125-024-06144-1. PMID: 38613667.
  5. Zhao L et al.. Tirzepatide for Weight Reduction in Chinese Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-CN Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;332(7):551-560. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.9217. PMID: 38819983.
  6. Loomba R et al.. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;391(4):299-310. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2401943. PMID: 38856224.
  7. Malhotra A et al.. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;391(13):1193-1205. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2404881. PMID: 38912654.
  8. Garvey WT et al.. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2023;402(10402):613-626. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01200-X. PMID: 37385275.
  9. Dahl D et al.. Effect of Subcutaneous Tirzepatide vs Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS-5 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2022;327(6):534-545. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.0078. PMID: 35133415.
  10. Gastaldelli A et al.. Effect of tirzepatide versus insulin degludec on liver fat content and abdominal adipose tissue in people with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3 MRI). Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2022;10(6):393-406. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00070-5. PMID: 35468325.
  11. Nauck MA et al.. Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regarding glycaemic control and body weight reduction. Cardiovascular Diabetology. 2022;21(1):169. doi:10.1186/s12933-022-01604-7. PMID: 36050763.
  12. Thomas MK et al.. Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide Improves Beta-cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021;106(2):388-396. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa863. PMID: 33236115.
  13. Frías JP et al.. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine. 2021;385(6):503-515. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107519. PMID: 34170647.
  14. Del Prato S et al.. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. The Lancet. 2021;398(10313):1811-1824. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02188-7. PMID: 34672967.
  15. Willard FS et al.. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020;5(17):e140532. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.140532. PMID: 32730231.

Wolverine Stack (BPC-157 + TB-500 Blend)

  1. Rahman OF et al.. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2026;10(1). doi:10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-25-00236. PMID: 41490200.
  2. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies. Sports Med. 2026. doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0. PMID: 41966639.
  3. Sikiric P et al.. New studies with stable gastric pentadecapeptide protecting gastrointestinal tract. Inflammopharmacology. 2024;32(5):3119-3161. doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01499-8. PMID: 38980576.
  4. Seiwerth S et al.. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12:627533. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.627533. PMID: 34267654.
  5. Gwyer D et al.. Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell and Tissue Research. 2019;377(2):153-159. doi:10.1007/s00441-019-03016-8. PMID: 30915550.
  6. Hsieh MJ et al.. Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation. Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin). 2017;95(3):323-333. doi:10.1007/s00109-016-1488-y. PMID: 27847966.
  7. Kleinman HK et al.. Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing. Vitam Horm. 2016;102:251-75. doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2016.04.005. PMID: 27450738.
  8. Chang CH et al.. The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2011;110(3):774-780. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00945.2010. PMID: 21030672.
  9. Bock-Marquette I et al.. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-72. doi:10.1038/nature03000. PMID: 15565145.
  10. Sosne G et al.. Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury. Exp Eye Res. 2002;74(2):293-9. doi:10.1006/exer.2001.1125. PMID: 11950239.
  11. Yarmola EG et al.. Formation and implications of a ternary complex of profilin, thymosin beta 4, and actin. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(49):45555-63. doi:10.1074/jbc.M105723200. PMID: 11579089.
  12. Malinda KM et al.. Thymosin beta 4 stimulates directional migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. FASEB J. 1997;11(6):474-81. doi:10.1096/fasebj.11.6.9194528. PMID: 9194528.
Update history

Update history.

This citation index is updated as product pages are revised or new research is published. Last updated: {EFFECTIVE_DATE}. Future updates will note material additions in this section.

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